limb bones of stem-chelonioid marine turtles (Toxo
limb bones of stem-chelonioid marine turtles (Toxochelys, Desmatochelys, and Protostega)
Wilson, L. E., and K. Chin. 2014. Comparative osteohistology of Hesperornis with reference to pygoscelid penguins: the effects of climate and behaviour on avian bone microstructure. The Royal Society Open Science 1:140245.
long bones (femora and tibiotarsi) of hesperornith
long bones (femora and tibiotarsi) of hesperornithiform Hesperornis; comparison with extant Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) and gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) penguins
Wintrich, T., M. Scaal, and P. M. Sander. 2017. Foramina in plesiosaur cervical centra indicate a specialized vascular system. Fossil Record 20:279-290.
Wintrich, T., M. Scaal, C. Böhmer, R. Schellhorn, I. Kogan, A. van der Reest, and P. M. Sander. 2020. Palaeontological evidence reveals convergent evolution of intervertebral joint types in amniotes. Scientific Reports 10:14106.
vertebral centra of squamate Mosasaurus missourien
vertebral centra of squamate Mosasaurus missouriensis, Ophidia indet.; mesosaurid Stereosternum tumidum, ornithischian dinosaur Hadrosauridae indet.; Dromaeosauridae indet.; Ornithomimidae indet., Aves indet.; ichthyosaur Stenopterygius sp., Cymbospondylus sp. Cymbospondylidae new taxon A, thalattosuchian crocodylomorph Steneosaurus, diadectomorph Diadectes sideropelicus, synapsid Dimetrodon natalis, cf. Eurohippus; hupehsuchian Nanchangosaurus suni; sauropterygian placodont Placodus gigas, pachypleurosaurid Neusticosaurus peyeri, plesiosaurid Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus; thalattosaurian Xinpusaurus suni [additional info on extant seal Phoca vitulina, Phython sp., Sphenodon punctatus
Wintrich, T., S. Hayashi, A. Houssaye, Y. Nakajima, and P. M. Sander. 2017. A Triassic plesiosaurian skeleton and bone histology inform on evolution of a unique body plan. Science Advances 3:e1701144.
long bones (humeri and femora) of pliosaurid pleis
long bones (humeri and femora) of pliosaurid pleisosaurians (Rhaeticosaurus mertensi, Pliosaurus sp.), pleisosaurid plesiosaurians Plesiosaurus dolichodirus, cryptoclidid plesiosaurian Crytpoclidus eurymerus, pistosauroid Pistosaurus longaevus, nothosaurid Nothosaurus mirabilis [bone apposition rates also for Neusticosaurus pusillus, Nothosaurus sp., Pistosaurus grandaevus, Rhaeticosaurus mertensi , Plesiosaurus dolichodirus, Cryptoclidus eurymerus, Plesiosauridae indet.]
Witzmann, F., H. Scholz, J. Müller, and N. Kardjilov. 2010. Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160:302-340.
dermal skull bone of captorhinid Captorhinus aguti
Wolf, D., D. C. Kalthoff, and P. M. Sander. 2012. Osteoderm histology of the Pampatheriidae (Cingulata, Xenarthra, Mammalia): Implications for systematics, osteoderm growth, and biomechanical adaptation. Journal of Morphology 273:388-404.
osteoderms of pampatheriid xenarthrans ( Kraglievi
osteoderms of pampatheriid xenarthrans ( Kraglievichia sp., Pampatherium humboldtii, Pampatherium typum, Holmesina floridanus, Holmesina sp., Pampatheriidae indet.), dasypodid (Dasypus bellus) and glyptodont (Propalaehoplophorus sp., Panochthus tuberculatus, Glyptodon clavipes, Glyptodon sp., Glyptotherium sp.) xenarthrans [also including data on extant Dasypodidae]
Woodruff, D. C., D. A. Fowler, and J. R. Horner. 2017. A new multi-faceted framework for deciphering diplodocid ontogeny. Palaeontologia Electronica 20.3.43A.
long bones, vertebrae, and ribs of diplodocid dino
long bones, vertebrae, and ribs of diplodocid dinosaurs (Diplodocus carnegii, Diplodocus sp., Apatosaurus sp., Diplodocidae indet.)
Woodward, H. N. 2019. Maiasaura (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) tibia osteohistology reveals non-annual cortical vascular rings in young of the year. Frontiers in Earth Science 7: 50.
tibiae of hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaur Maiasaur
tibiae of hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum
Woodward, H. N., and T. M. Lehman. 2009. Bone histology and microanatomy of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Maastrichtian of Big Bend National Park, Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:807-821.
Woodward, H. N., E. A. Freedman Fowler, J. O. Farlow, and J. R. Horner. 2015. Maiasaura, a model organism for extinct vertebrate population biology: a large sample statistical assessment of growth dynamics and survivorship. Paleobiology 41:503-527.
long bones of hadrosaurid dinosaur Maiasaura peebl
long bones of hadrosaurid dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum
Woodward, H. N., J. R. Horner, and J. O. Farlow. 2011. Osteohistological evidence for determinate growth in the American Alligator. Journal of Herpetology 45:339-342.
bone histology of long bones of hypsilophodontid o
bone histology of long bones of hypsilophodontid ornithopod dinosaurs (Dryosaurus sp., Orodromeus sp., Hypsilophodontidae indet.) and a small theropod (aff. Timimus hermani)
Woodward, H. N., T. H. Rich, and P. Vickers-Rich. 2018. The bone microstructure of polar "hypsilophodontid" dinosaurs from Victoria, Australia. Scientific Reports 8:1162.
longbones of "hypsilophodont" ornithopod dinosaurs
Wosik, M., and D. C. Evans. 2022. Osteohistological and taphonomic life-history assessment of Edmontosaurus annectens (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Ruth Mason dinosaur quarry, South Dakota, United States, with implication for ontogenetic segregation between juvenile and adult hadrosaurids. Journal of Anatomy 241:272-296.
Wu, Q., C. He, Z. Li, S. Jiang, X. Wang, and Z. Zhou. 2023. The morphology and histology of the pectoral girdle of Hamipterus (Pterosauria), from the Early Cretaceous of Northwest China. The Anatomical Record (in press).
girdle bones of pterodactyloid pterosaur Hamipteru
girdle bones of pterodactyloid pterosaur Hamipterus sp.
Wynd, B. M., B. R. Peecook, M. R. Whitney, and C. A. Sidor. 2017. The first occurrence of Cynognathus crateronotus (Cynodontia: Cynognathia) in Tanzania and Zambia, with implications for the age and biostratigraphic correlation of Triassic strata in southern Pangea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37:sup1, 228-239 [SVP Memoir 17, Volume 37, Supplement to Number 6:228–239].
Xu, X., J. Choiniere, Q. Tan, R. B. J. Benson, J. Clark, C. Sullivan, Q. Zhao, F. Han, Q. Ma, Y. He, S. Wang, H. Xing, and L. Tan. 2018. Two Early Cretaceous fossils document transitional stages in alvarezsaurian dinosaur evolution. Current Biology 28:2853-2860.
fibula of alvarezsaurian theropod dinosaurs (Xiyunykus pengi, Bannykus wulatensis)
Xu, X., Q. Zhao, C. Sullivan, Q.-W. Tan, M. Sander, and Q.-Y. Ma. 2012. The taxonomy of the troodontid IVPP V 10597 reconsidered. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 50:140-150.
Xu, X., Z. Zhou, R. Dudley, S. Mackem, C.-M. Chuong, G. M. Erickson, and D. J. Varricchio. 2014. An integrative approach to understanding bird origins. Science 346:1253293.
Xu, Xing, J. M. Clark, Mo, Jinyou, J. Choiniere, C. A. Forster, G. M. Erickson, D. W. E. Hone, C. Sullivan, D. A. Eberth, S. Nesbitt, Zhao, Qi, R. Hernandez, Jia, Cheng-kai, Han, Feng-lu, and Guo Yu. 2009. A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies. Nature 459:940-944.
Xu, Xing, Zhao, Qi, M. Norell, C. Sullivan, D. Hone, G. Erickson, Wang, XiaoLin, Han, FengLu, and Guo, Yu. 2009. A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin. Chinese Science Bulletin 54:430-435.
Ye, Y., G.-z. Peng, and S. Jiang. 2007. Preliminary histological study on the long bones of Middle Jurassic Shunosaurus and Omeisaurus from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 46:135-144.
2007
sauropods Omeisaurus tianfuensis and Shunosaurus l
sauropods Omeisaurus tianfuensis and Shunosaurus lii
Zafaty, O., M. Oukassou, F. Riguetti, J. Company, S. Bendrioua, R. Tabuce, A. Charrière, and X. Pereda-Suberbiola. 2024. A new stegosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) with a remarkable dermal armour from the Middle Jurassic of North Africa. Gondwana Research 131:344-362.
osteoderms and rib of stegosaurian Thyreosaurus at
osteoderms and rib of stegosaurian Thyreosaurus atlasicus
Zangerl, R. 1935. B. Peyer, Die Triasfauna der Tessiner Kalkalpen. IX. Pachypleurosaurus edwardsi, Cornalia sp. Abhandlungen der schweizerischen Paläontologischen Gesellschaft 56:1-80.
sauropterygian pachypleurosaur Neusticosaurus edwardsii (originally referred to as Pachypleurosaurus edwardsii)
Zangerl, R. 1953. The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama. Part III: The turtles of the family Protostegidae. Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs 3:57-133.
1953
turtle Protostega gigas [originally referred to as
turtle Protostega gigas [originally referred to as Protostega dixie, see Hooks, 1998]
Zanno, L. E., D. J. Varricchio, P. M. O´Connor, A. L. Titus, and M. J. Knell. 2011. A new troodontid theropod, Talos sampsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America. PLoS ONE 6(9): e24487.
Zedda, M., V. Sathe, P. Chakraborty, M. R. Palombo, and V. Farina. 2020. A first comparison of bone histomorphometry in extant domestic horses (Equus caballus) and a Pleistocene Indian wild horse (Equus namadicus) Integrative Zoology 15:448-460.
Zelenitsky, D. K., F. Therrien, G. M. Erickson, C. L. DeBuhr, Y. Kobayashi, D. A. Eberth, and F. Hadfield. 2012. Feathered non-avian dinosaurs from North America provide insight into wing origins. Science 338:510-514.
birds (Confuciusornis sp., Galliformes indet. [from Zhoukoudian]), with reference to Patagopteryx deferrariisi
Zhao, B., B. P. Hedrick, C. Gao, A. R. Tumarkin-Deratzian, F. Zhang, C. Shen, and P. Dodson. 2016. Histologic examination of an assemblage of Psittacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) juveniles from the Yixian Formation (Liaoning, China). The Anatomical Record 299:601-612.
Zhao, Q., M. J. Benton, C. Sullivan, P. M. Sander, and X. Xu. 2013. Histology and postural change during the growth of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis. Nature Communications 4: 2079.
long bones of growth series of psittacosaurid cera
long bones of growth series of psittacosaurid ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis
Zhao, Q., M. J. Benton, S. Hayashi, and X. Xu. 2019. Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64:323-334.
Zhao, Q., M. J. Benton, X. Xu, and P. M. Sander. 201X. Juvenile-only clusters and behaviour of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur Psittacosaurus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica (in press, uncorrected proof).
tibiae of psittacosaurid ceratopsian dinosaur Psit
tibiae of psittacosaurid ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis
Zheng, X., J. O'Connor, X. Wang, M. Wang, X. Zhang, and Z. Zhou. 2014. On the absence of sternal elements in Anchiornis (Paraves) and Sapeornis (Aves) and the complex early evolution of the avian sternum. PNAS 111:13900-13905.
long bones (growth series of humeri and femora) of
long bones (growth series of humeri and femora) of troodontid dinosaur (Anchiornis huxleyi) and sapeornithiform Aves (Sapeornis chaoyangensis)
Zhou, C.-F., D. Yu, Z. Zhu, and B. Andres. 2022. A new wing skeleton of the Jehol tapejarid Sinopterus and its implications for ontogeny and paleoecology of the Tapejaridae. Scientific Reports 12:10159.