Sander, P. M., N. Klein, E. Buffetaut, G. Cuny, V. Suteethorn, and J. Le Loeuff. 2004. Adaptive radiation in sauropod dinosaurs: bone histology indicates rapid evolution of giant body size through acceleration. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 4:165-173.
Sander, P. M., N. Klein, K. Stein, and O. Wings (in press). Sauropod bone histology and implications for sauropod biology; in N. Klein, K. Remes, and P. M. Sander (eds.), Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs: Understanding the Life of Giants. Life of the Past (series ed. Farlow, J.). Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Sander, P. M., O. Mateus, T. Laven, and N. Knötschke. 2006. Bone histology indicates insular dwarfism in a new Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur. Nature 441:739-741.
Sayão, J. M. 2003. Histovariability in bones of two pterodactyloid pterosaurs from the Santana Formation, Araripe Basin, Brazil: preliminary results; pp. 335-342 in E. Buffetaut, and J.-M. Mazin (eds.), Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, London.
Sayão, J. M., R. A. M. Bantim, R. C. L. P. Andrade, F. J. Lima, A. A. F. Saraiva, R. G. Figueiredo, and A. W. A. Kellner. 2016. Paleohistology of Susisuchus anatoceps (Crocodylomorpha, Neosuchia): Comments on Growth Strategies and Lifestyle. PLoS ONE 11(5):e0155297.
rib and ulna of neosuchian crocodylomorph Susisuch
rib and ulna of neosuchian crocodylomorph Susisuchus anatoceps
Scannella, J. B., and J. R. Horner. 2010. Torosaurus Marsh, 1891, is Triceratops Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:1157-1168.
parietal fragment and postorbital horn cores of Tr
parietal fragment and postorbital horn cores of Triceratops / ´Torosaurus´
Schachner, E., R. B. Irmis, A. K. Huttenlocker, K. Sanders, R. L. Cieri, and S. J. Nesbitt. 2019. Osteology of the Late Triassic bipedal archosaur Poposaurus gracilis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from western North America. The Anatomical Record 303:874-917.
long bone of pseudosuchian poposaurid paracrocodyl
long bone of pseudosuchian poposaurid paracrocodylomorph Poposaurus gracilis
Schaffer, J. 1890. Über den feineren Bau fossiler Knochen. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe XCVIII. Band. Hefte I bis X. Abtheilung III [Jahrgang 1889 - Heft VII]:319-382.
1890
bone histology of ichthyosaur (Ichthyosaurus), thy
bone histology of ichthyosaur (Ichthyosaurus), thyreophoran dinosaur (Struthiosaurus? [originally referred to as Crataeomus], crocodylian (“Crocodylus proavus”), sirenian (Halitherium veronense, H. schinzi, H. christoli, H. [crassum]?), proboscidean (Mastodon), Cetacea indet., artiodactyles (Hippopotamus, Ruminantia indet. [referred to as antelope from the lower Pliocene]), Pleistocene taxa [Sus scrofa, possibly Capreolus, Ursus spelaeus, Arvicola, indet. skull bones])
Scheyer, T. M. 2007a. Comparative bone histology of the turtle shell (carapace and plastron): implications for turtle systematics, functional morphology, and turtle origins. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, University of Bonn, Bonn. PhD Thesis, 343 pp. [URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5N-12299; URL: http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2007/1229/1229.htm]
shell bone histology from about one hundred turtle
shell bone histology from about one hundred turtle taxa (both fossil and extant), several outgroup taxa were sampled as well
Scheyer, T. M. 2007b. Skeletal histology of the dermal armor of Placodontia: the occurrence of ‘postcranial fibro-cartilaginous bone’ and its developmental implications. Journal of Anatomy 211:737-753.
possible placodont shell fragment Priscochelys heg
possible placodont shell fragment Priscochelys hegnabrunnensis
Scheyer, T. M., A. Pérez-García, and X. Murelaga. 2015. Shell bone histology of solemydid turtles (stem Testudines): palaeoecological implications. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 15:199-212.
Scheyer, T. M., and H.-D. Sues. 2016. Expanded dorsal ribs in the Late Triassic pseudosuchian reptile Euscolosuchus olseni. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1248768 (5 pages).
Scheyer, T. M., and J. B. Desojo. 2011. Palaeohistology and external microanatomy of rauisuchian osteoderms (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia). Palaeontology 54(6):1289-1302.
osteoderms of rauisuchian pseudosuchians (Ticinosu
osteoderms of rauisuchian pseudosuchians (Ticinosuchus ferox, Batrachotomus kupferzellensis, Prestosuchus chiniquensis, ‘Prestosuchus’ loricatus, Rauisuchus tiradentes, Tikisuchus romeri, Yarasuchus deccanensis), with further remarks on aetosaur and Revueltosaurus osteoderms
Scheyer, T. M., and J. W. Moreno-Bernal. 2010. Fossil crocodylians from Venezuela in the context of South American faunas; pp. 192-213 in M. R. Sánchez-Villagra, O. A. Aguilera, and A. A. Carlini (eds.), Urumaco and Venezuelan Palaeontology – The Fossil Record of the Northern Neotropics. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Scheyer, T. M., and M. R. Sánchez-Villagra. 2007. Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: phylogeny and function. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52:137-154.
Scheyer, T. M., and P. M. Sander. 2004. Histology of ankylosaur osteoderms: implications for systematics and function. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24:874-893.
Scheyer, T. M., and P. M. Sander. 2007. Shell bone histology indicates terrestrial palaeoecology of basal turtles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 274:1885-1893.
shell bones of stem turtles (Proganochelys quenste
shell bones of stem turtles (Proganochelys quenstedti, Proterochersis robusta)
Scheyer, T. M., and P. M. Sander. 2009. Bone microstructures and mode of skeletogenesis in osteoderms of three pareiasaur taxa from the Permian of South Africa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22:1153-1162.
Scheyer, T. M., I. G. Danilov, V. B. Sukhanov, and E. V. Syromyatnikova. 2014. The shell bone histology of fossil and extant marine turtles revisited. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 112:701-718.
Scheyer, T. M., J. B. Desojo, and I. A. Cerda. 2014. Bone histology of phytosaur, aetosaur, and other archosauriform osteoderms (Eureptilia, Archosauromorpha). The Anatomical Record 297:240-260.
Schmidt-Schultz, T. H., M. Reich, and M. Schultz. 2022. Exceptionally preserved extracellular bone matrix proteins from the late Neogene proboscidean Anancus (Mammalia: Proboscidea). PalZ 95:757-765.
Schwarz, D., O. Wings, and C. A. Meyer. 2007a. Super sizing the giants: first cartilage preservation at a sauropod dinosaur limb joint. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164:61-65.
2007
sauropod Cetiosauriscus greppini
Schwarz, D., T. Ikejiri, B. Breithaupt, P. M. Sander, and N. Klein. 2007b. A nearly complete skeleton of an early juvenile diplodocid (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the lower Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic) of North Central Wyoming and its implications for early ontogeny and pneumaticity in sauropods. Historical Biology 19:225-253.
Schweitzer, M. H., and C. L. Marshall. 2001. A molecular model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod-bird lineage. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol Dev Evol) 291:317-338.
Sciscio, L., F. Knoll, E. M. Bordy, M. O. de Kock, and R. Redelstorff. 2017. Digital reconstruction of the mandible of an adult Lesothosaurus diagnosticus with insight into the tooth replacement process and diet. PeerJ 5:e3054.
right mandible of ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosa
right mandible of ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus
Seago, A. J. K. 1979. A review of the fossil turtles of the family Dermochelyidae: In Faculty of Science, Vol. PhD thesis, pp. 563 + 68 plates. University of London London, UK.
1979
shell bones (epithecal carapace) of dermochelyid t
shell bones (epithecal carapace) of dermochelyid turtle Cardiochelys rupeliensis; trionychid turtle shell element
Seitz, A. L. L. 1907. Vergleichende Studien über den mikroskopischen Knochenbau fossiler und rezenter Reptilien und dessen Bedeutung für das Wachstum und Umbildung des Knochengewebes im allgemeinen. Abhandlungen der Kaiserlichen Leopold-Carolingischen Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher, Nova Acta 87:230-370.
nothosaurs (i.e., Nothosaurus mirabilis), ichthyosaurs (Ophthalmosaurus [orig. referred to as Baptanodon; see McGowan and Motani, 2003], Temnodontosaurus (=Ichthyosaurus) trigonodon, Leptonectes (=Ichthyosaurus) tenuirostris, Stenopterygius (=Ichthyosaurus) quadriscissus), champsosaurid choristoderes (Simoedosaurus lemoinei [orig. referred to as Champsosaurus lemoinei]), anguid lepidosaurs (Placosaurus [orig. referred to as Palaeovaranus]), mosasaurs (Mosasaurus, Plioplatecarpus marshi, Platecarpus coryphaeus, Clidastes velox, ?C. tortor, Tylosaurus proriger), sauropterygians (Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, P. helmersenii; possibly Polyptychodon), phytosaurs (Termatosaurus alberti, Nicrosaurus kapffi [orig. referred to as Belodon kapffii; see Abel, 1922, Hungerbühler, 2002]), possibly rauisuchian archosaurs (?Batrachotomus; orig. referred to as Zanclodon laevis), crocodylomorphs (Cricosaurus grandis, Goniopholis, Metriorhynchus, Mystriosaurus, Pelagosaurus temporalis, Steneosaurus bollensis), dinosaurs (Plateosaurus, Camarasaurus, Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Haplocanthosaurus priscus [orig. referred to as H. utterbacki], Allosaurus, Megalosaurus, Dryptosaurus, Iguanodon bernissartensis, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, ?Trachodon [=Anatosaurus, see Reid, 1984a,b, 1985]), pterosaurs (Rhamphocephalus bucklandi, Pteranodon)
Sellés, A. G., B. Vila, S. L. Brusatte, P. J. Currie, and À. Galobart. 2021. A fast‑growing basal troodontid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the latest Cretaceous of Europe. Scientific Reports 11: 4855.
long bone of troodontid dinosaur Tamarro insperatu
long bone of troodontid dinosaur Tamarro insperatus
Sena, M. V. A., R. A. M. Bantim, A. A. F. Saraiva, J. M. Sayão, and G. R. Oliveira. 2020. Osteohistology and microanatomy of a new specimen of Cearachelys placidoi (Testudines: Pleurodira) a side‐necked turtle from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil The Anatomical Record (in press).
shell bones and girdle element of Pelomedusoides p
shell bones and girdle element of Pelomedusoides pleurodiran Cearachelys placidoi
Sena, M. V. A., R. A. M. Bantim, A. A. F. Saraiva, J. M. Sayão, and G. R. Oliveira. 2021. Shell and long-bone histology, skeletochronology, and lifestyle of Araripemys barretoi (Testudines: Pleurodira), a side-necked turtle of the Lower Cretaceous from Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) 93:e20201606.
Sena, M. V. A., R. C. L. P. Andrade, J. M. Sayão, and G. R. Oliveira. 2018. Bone microanatomy of Pepesuchus deiseae (Mesoeucrocodylia, Peirosauridae) reveals a mature individual from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil. Cretaceous Research 90:335-348.
long bones and osteoderm of peirosaurid mesoeucroc
long bones and osteoderm of peirosaurid mesoeucrocodylian Pepesuchus deiseae
Sena, M. V. A., T. S. Marinho, F. C. Montefeltro, M. C. Langer, T. S. Fachini, W. R. Nava, A. E. P. Pinheiro, E. V. Araújo, P. Aubier, R. C. L. P. Andrade, J. M. Sayão, G. R. Oliveira, and J. Cubo. 2022. Osteohistological characterization of notosuchian osteoderms: Evidence for an overlying thick leathery layer of skin. Journal of Morphology 284:e21536.
Serrano, J. F., A. G. Sellés, B. Vila, À. Galobart, and A. Prieto-Márquez. 2021. The osteohistology of new remains of Pararhabdodon isonensis sheds light into the life history and paleoecology of this enigmatic European lambeosaurine dinosaur. Cretaceous Research 118:104677.
tibia of lambeosaurine dinosaur Pararhabdodon ison
tibia of lambeosaurine dinosaur Pararhabdodon isonensis
Sheldon, A. 1997. Ecological implications of mosasaur bone microstructure; pp. 333-354 in J. M. Callaway, and E. L. Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
1997
mosasaurs (Tylosaurus proriger, Platecarpus sp., C
bone histology of ribs of mosasauroids (Dallasauru
bone histology of ribs of mosasauroids (Dallasaurus turneri)
Sheldon, M. A. 1995. Ontogeny, ecology and evolution of North American mosasaurids (Clidastes, Platecarpus and Tylosaurus): evidence from bone microstructure. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Rochester, Rochester, New York. 183 pp.
1995
mosasaurs (Tylosaurus proriger, Platecarpus sp., C
Shelton CD, Sander PM, Stein K, Winkelhorst H. 2013. Long bone histology indicates sympatric species of Dimetrodon (Lower Permian, Sphenacodontidae). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 103: 1-20.
sphenacodontid Dimetrodon (D. natalis + one larger
sphenacodontid Dimetrodon (D. natalis + one larger Dimetrodon species)
Shelton, C. D., and P. M. Sander. 2017. Long bone histology of Ophiacodon reveals the geologically earliest occurrence of fibrolamellar bone in the mammalian stem lineage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 16:397-424.
humeri and femora of ophiacodontid eupelycosaur Op
humeri and femora of ophiacodontid eupelycosaur Ophicacodon (O. retroversus, O. Uniformis, Ophiacodon sp.)
Skutchas, P. P., S. P. Morozov, A. O. Averianov, S. V. Leshchinskiy, S. V. Ivantsov, A. V. Fayngerts, O. A. Feofanova, O. N. Vladimirova, and D. A. Slobodin. 2021. Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66:437-447.
long bones (femora) of ceratopsian Psittacosaurus sibiricus
Slater, B. J., M. Reolid, R. Schouten, and M. J. Benton. 2011. A new Late Jurassic turtle from Spain: phylogenetic implications, taphonomy and palaeoecology. Palaeontology 54:1393-1414.
shell bones of new turtle Hispaniachelys prebetica
shell bones of new turtle Hispaniachelys prebetica gen et sp. nov.
Smith, N. A., and J. A. Clarke. 2014. Osteological histology of the Pan-Alcidae (Aves, Charadriiformes): correlates of wing-propelled diving and flightlessness. The Anatomical Record 297:188-199.
long bones of alcid auks (Alca grandis, Penguinus impennis), mancalline auk Mancalla cedrosensis with comparative data on extant alcid auk Alca torda and stercorariid charadriiform Stercorarius longicaudus
Souza Eleutério, L. H. d., R. A. M. Bantim, F. J. d. Lima, R. C. L. P. d. Andrade, A. A. F. Saraiva, A. W. A. Kellner, and J. M. Sayão. 2015. Biomechanical and physiological influences on the osteohistological deposition of Anhangueria (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18:403-412.
long bones, wing and metacarpal bones of pterodactyloid pterosaur Anhangueria and Anhangueridae
Spiekman, S. 2023. A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199:354-391.
long bones (femur) of non-crocodyliform crocodylomorph Saltoposuchus connectens
Spiekman, S. N. F., J. M. Neenan, N. C. Fraser, V. Fernandez, O. Rieppel, S. Nosotti, and T. M. Scheyer. 2020. Aquatic habits and niche partitioning in the extraordinarily long-necked Triassic reptile Tanystropheus. Current Biology 30:1-7.
long bones of of Tanystropheidae (Tanystropheus lo
long bones of of Tanystropheidae (Tanystropheus longobardicus)
Starck, J. M., and A. Chinsamy. 2002. Bone microstructure and developmental plasticity in birds and other dinosaurs. Journal of Morphology 254:232-246.
Steel, L. 2003. The John Quekett sections and the earliest pterosaur histological studies pp. 325-334 in E. Buffetaut, and J.-M. Mazin (eds.), Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, London.
2003
possibly pterosaur bones (from the Quekett histolo
possibly pterosaur bones (from the Quekett histological collections at Hunterian Museum), however clear identification is not possible because the original bones are lost
Stein, M., S. Hayashi, and P. M. Sander. 2013. Long bone histology and growth patterns in ankylosaurs: Implications for life history and evolution. PLOS ONE 8(7): e68590.