Klein, N., A. Houssaye, J. M. Neenan, and T. M. Scheyer. 2015. Long bone histology and microanatomy of Placodontia (Diapsida: Sauropterygia). Contributions to Zoology 84:59-84.
long bones of placodont sauropterygians (Psephoder
long bones of placodont sauropterygians (Psephoderma sp. aff. Cyamodus; aff. Placodus, Paraplacodus sp., Placodontia indet., Henodus chelyops) and Horaffia kugleri
Klein, N., A. Verrière, H. Sartorelli, T. Wintrich, and J. Fröbisch. 2019. Microanatomy and growth of the mesosaurs Stereosternum tumidum and Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis (Reptilia, Parareptilia). Fossil Record 22:91-110.
long bones, ribs, and vertebral material of parareptilian mesosaurs Stereosternum tumidum and Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis
Klein, N., and E. M. Griebeler. 2016. Bone histology, microanatomy, and growth of the nothosauroid Simosaurus gaillardoti (Sauropterygia) from the Upper Muschelkalk of southern Germany/Baden-Württemberg. Comptes Rendus Palevol 15:142-162.
long bones of nothosauroid sauropterygian Simosaur
long bones of nothosauroid sauropterygian Simosaurus gaillardoti
Klein, N., and P. M. Sander. 2007. Bone histology and growth of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus engelhardti von Meyer, 1837 from the Norian bonebeds of Trossingen (Germany) and Frick (Switzerland). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77:169-206.
Klein, N., and T. M. Scheyer. 2017. Microanatomy and life history in Palaeopleurosaurus (Rhynchocephalia: Pleurosauridae) from the Early Jurassic of Germany. The Science of Nature 104:4.
long bone (femur), rib, and gastralia of pleurosau
long bone (femur), rib, and gastralia of pleurosaurid rhynchocephalian Palaeopleurosaurus posidoniae
Klein, N., C. Foth, and R. R. Schoch. 2017. Preliminary observations on the bone histology of the Middle Triassic pseudosuchian archosaur Batrachotomus kupferzellensis reveal fast growth with laminar fibrolamellar bone tissue. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37(4):e1333121.
long bones and additional bones of rauisuchian arc
long bones and additional bones of rauisuchian archosaur Batrachotomus kupferzellensis
Klein, N., P. M. Sander, and V. Sutheethorn. 2009. Bone histology and its implications for the life history and growth of the Early Cretaceous sauropod Phuwiangosaurus sirindhornae. Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic continental ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society, Special Publication 315:217-228.
2009
sauropod Phuwiangosaurus sirindhornae
Klein, N., P. M. Sander, J. Liu, P. S. Druckenmiller, E. Metz, N. P. Kelley, and T. M. Scheyer. 2023. Comparative bone histology of two thalattosaurians (Diapsida: Thalattosauria): Askeptosaurus italicus from the Alpine Triassic (Middle Triassic) and a Thalattosauroidea indet. from the Carnian of Oregon (Late Triassic). Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 142:15.
long bones and vertebrae of thalattosaurs (Askepto
long bones and vertebrae of thalattosaurs (Askeptosaurus italicus, Thalattosauroidea indet.)
Knoll, F., K. Padian, and A. d. Ricqlès. 2010. Ontogenetic change and adult body size of the early ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus: Implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy. Gondwana Research 17:171-179.
Köhler, M., and S. Moyà-Solà. 2010. Physiological and life history strategies of a fossil large mammal in a resource-limited environment. PNAS 106:20354-20358.
long bones of mammals (Myotragus balearicus, Gazel
long bones of mammals (Myotragus balearicus, Gazella borbonica, Cervidae indet.), Crocodylia indet. [see also Meiri and Raia, 2010]
Köhler, M., C. Nacarino-Meneses, J. Quintana Cardona, W. Arnold, G. Stalder, F. Suchentrunk, and S. Moyà-Solà. 2023. Insular giant leporid matured later than predicted by scaling. iScience 26, 107654.
long bones of leporid Nuralagus rex [also on extaq
long bones of leporid Nuralagus rex [also on extaqnt Lepus europaeus]
Kolb, C., M. R. Sánchez-Villagra, and T. M. Scheyer. 2011. The palaeohistology of the basal ichthyosaur Mixosaurus Baur, 1887 (Ichthyopterygia, Mixosauridae) from the Middle Triassic: Palaeobiological implications. Comptes Rendus Palevol 10:403-411.
Kolb, C., T. M. Scheyer, A. M. Lister, C. Azorit, J. de Vos, M. A. J. Schlingemann, G. E. Rössner, N. T. Monaghan, and M. R. Sánchez-Villagra. 2015. Growth in fossil and extant deer and implications for body size and life history evolution. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15:19.
long bones of cervids (Candiacervus ropalophorus, Candiacervus sp. II , Candiacervus sp. , Procervulus praelucidus, Megaloceros giganteus) [comparisons with extant cervids Dama dama, Capreolus capreolus, Muntiacus muntjak, Cervus elaphus, Alces alces]
Kolb, C., T. M. Scheyer, K. Veitschegger, A. M. Forasiepi, E. Amson, A. A. E. van der Geer, L. W. van den Hoek Ostende, S. Hayashi, and M. R. Sánchez-Villagra. 2015. Mammalian bone palaeohistology: a survey and new data with emphasis on island forms. PeerJ 3:e1358.
Kozaric', Z., M. Šparica, and Z. Bajraktarevic'. 1996. Histological bone structure of Lower Cretaceous dinosaurs from southwest Istria (Croatia). Cretaceous Research 17:741-749.
Kriloff, A., D. Germain, A. Canoville, P. Vincent, M. Sache, and M. Laurin. 2008. Evolution of bone microanatomy of the tetrapod tibia and its use in palaeobiological inference. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21:807-826.
2008
pelycosaur Dimetrodon, therapsid Dicynodon and Gor
pelycosaur Dimetrodon, therapsid Dicynodon and Gorgonopsida indet.; possible ichthyosaur Omphalosaurus nisseri, the mosasaur Platecarpus and bone compactness of parareptilian pareiasaurid Pareiasaurus
Krmpotic, C. M., M. R. Ciancio, C. Barbeito, R. C. Mario, and A. A. Carlini. 2009. Osteoderm morphology in recent and fossil euphractine xenarthrans. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 90: 339-351.
Ksepka, D. T., S. Werning, M. Sclafani, and Z. M. Boles. 2015. Bone histology in extant and fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes). Journal of Anatomy 227:611-630.
long bones of small and large Eocene stem penguins
long bones of small and large Eocene stem penguins; †Palaeospheniscus patagonicus [also data on variety of extant taxa incl. the penguins Aptenodytes forsteri; Spheniscus sp., the shearwater Calonectris borealis and the great northern loon Gavia immer]
Kulik, Z. T. 2023. Rare osteohistological evidence of skeletal maturity in the early diverging traversodontid Scalenodon angustifrons, with comments on histological sampling coverage in Cynodontia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 43:e2249964 (10 pages).
long bones of cynognathian traversodontid cynodont
long bones of cynognathian traversodontid cynodont Scalenondon angustifrons
Lacovara, K. J., M. C. Lamanna, L. M. Ibiricu, J. C. Poole, E. R. Schroeter, P. V. Ullmann, K. K. Voegele, Z. M. Boles, A. M. Carter, E. K. Fowler, V. M. Egerton, A. E. Moyer, C. L. Coughenour, J. P. Schein, J. D. Harris, R. D. Martínez, and F. E. Novas. 2014. A gigantic, exceptionally complete titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from southern Patagonia, Argentina. Scientific Reports 4: 6196.
long bone (humerus) of titanosaurid sauropod Dread
long bone (humerus) of titanosaurid sauropod Dreadnoughtus schrani
Lambert, O., V. de Buffrénil, and C. de Muizon. 2011. Rostral densification in beaked whales: diverse processes for a similar pattern. Comptes Rendus Palevol 10:453-468.
Lambertz, M., C. D. Shelton, F. Spindler, and S. F. Perry. 2016. A caseian point for the evolution of a diaphragm homologue among the earliest synapsids. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (in press).
limb bones and ribs of caseids (Cotylorhynchus rom
limb bones and ribs of caseids (Cotylorhynchus romeri, Ruthenosaurus russellorum, Alierasaurus ronchii)
Lapparent, A. F. de 1947. Les dinosauriens du Crétacé supérieur du Midi de la France. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, Nouvelle Série. Mémoire No. 56:1-54.
1947
ornithopod Rhabdodon priscus [originally referred
ornithopod Rhabdodon priscus [originally referred to as Rhabdodon priscum] and sauropod Hypselosaurus priscus
Lapparent, A. F. de 1960. Les dinosauriens du "Continental intercalaire" du Sahara central [The dinosaurs of the "Continental Intercalaire" of the central Sahara]. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, Nouvelle Série. Mémoire No. 88A:1-57.
1960
sauropod “Rebbachisaurus” tamesnensis and Saur
sauropod “Rebbachisaurus” tamesnensis and Sauropoda indet.
Laurin, M., A. Canoville, and D. Germain. 2011. Bone microanatomy and lifestyle: a descriptive approach. Comptes Rendus Palevol 10:381-402.
Bone Profiler sections of various extant animals (
Bone Profiler sections of various extant animals (amphibians, mammals, reptiles) including one of the extinct giant tortoise Cylindraspis indica
Laurin, M., and V. de Buffrénil. 2016. Microstructural features of the femur in early ophiacodontids: A reappraisal of ancestral habitat use and lifestyle of amniotes. Comptes Rendus Palevol 15:115-127.
long bones of ophiacodontid synapsids Clepsydrops collettii, Ophiacodon uniformis
LeBlanc, A. R. H., M. J. MaxDougall, Y. Haridy, D. Scott, and R. R. Reisz. 2018. Caudal autotomy as anti-predatory behaviour in Palaeozoic reptiles. Scientific Reports 8:3328.
Lecuona, A., J. B. Desojo, and I. A. Cerda. 2020. New information on the anatomy and histology of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Chañares Formation (early Carnian), Argentina. Comptes Rendus Palevol 19:40-62.
long bones and osteoderms of gracilisuchid pseudos
long bones and osteoderms of gracilisuchid pseudosuchian Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum
Lee, A. H., and P. M. O'Connor. 2013. Bone histology confirms determinate growth and small body size in the noasaurid theropod Masiakasaurus knopfleri. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33:865-876.
Lefebvre, R., R. Allain, and A. Houssaye. 2023. What's inside a sauropod limb? First three-dimensional investigation of the limb long bone microanatomy of a sauropod dinosaur, Nigersaurus taqueti (Neosauropoda, Rebbachisauridae), and implications for the weight-bearing function. Palaeontology 66:e12670.
virtual sections of long bones of rebbachisaurid n
virtual sections of long bones of rebbachisaurid neosauropod Nigersaurus taqueti
Legendre, L. J., E. Bourdon, R. P. Scofield, A. J. D. Tennyson, H. Lamrous, A. d. Ricqlès, and J. Cubo. 2014. Bone histology, phylogeny, and palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 112:688-700.
long bones of palaeognathous birds (Dinornithid An
long bones of palaeognathous birds (Dinornithid Anomaloptyeryx, Dinornis, Emeus, Euryapteryx, Megalapteryx, Pachyornis; aepiornithid Aepyornis) [comparison to modern birds]
Legendre, L. J., L. Segalen, and J. Cubo. 2013. Evidence for high bone growth rate in Euparkeria obtained using a new paleohistological inference model for humerus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33:1343-1350.
Lehman, T. M. 2010. Pachycephalosauridae from the San Carlos and Aguja Formations (Upper Cretaceous) of West Texas, and observations of the frontoparietal dome. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:786-798.
Lehman, T.M. 2007. Growth and population age structure in the horned dinosaur Chasmosaurus. Pp. 259–317 in K. Carpenter, ed. Horns and beaks: ceratopsian and ornithopod dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Liebe, L., and J. H. Hurum. 2012. Gross internal structure and microstructure of plesiosaur limb bones from the Late Jurassic, central Spitsbergen. Norwegian Journal of Geology 92:285-309.
limb bones of juvenile, subadult and adult plesios
limb bones of juvenile, subadult and adult plesiosaurs (Colymbosaurus svalbardensis, Plesiosauria indet.)
Lomax, D. R., P. De la Salle, J. A. Massare, and R. Gallois. 2018. A giant Late Triassic ichthyosaur from the UK and a reinterpretation of the Aust Cliff ‘dinosaurian’ bones. PLoS ONE 13(4): e0194742.
Lönnberg, E. 1896. On some remains of “Neomylodon Listai” Ameghino brought home by the Swedish expedition to Tierra Del Fuego 1896; pp. 149-170 in O. Nordenskjöld (ed.), Svenska Expeditionen Till Magellansländerna. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Expiditionen nach den Magellansländern 1895-1897. Band II: Zoologie. Erstes Heft. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm.
osteoderms of mylodontid Xernarthra (Neomylodon li
osteoderms of mylodontid Xernarthra (Neomylodon listei)
Looy, C. V., S. L. Ranks, D. S. Chaney, S. Sanchez, J.-S. Steyer, R. M. H. Smith, C. A. Sidor, T. S. Myers, O. Ide, and N. J. Tabor. 2016. Biological and physical evidence for extreme seasonality in central Permian Pangea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 451:210-226.
Lü, J., G. Li, M. Kundrát, Y.-N. Le, Z. Sun, Y. Kobayashi, C. Shen, F. Teng, and H. Liu. 2017. High diversity of the Ganzhou Oviraptorid Fauna increased by a new “cassowary-like” crested species. Scientific Reports 7:6393.
long bones and rib of oviraptorid oviraptorosauria
long bones and rib of oviraptorid oviraptorosaurian theropod Corythoraptor jacobsi
Lyson, T. R., B. Rubidge, T. M. Scheyer, K. de Queiroz, E. R. Schachner, R. Smith, J. Botha-Brink, and G. S. Bever. 2016. Fossorial origin of the turtle shell. Current Biology 26:1887-1894.
Lyson, T. R., E. R. Schachner, J. Botha-Brink, T. M. Scheyer, M. Lambertz, G. S. Bever, B. Rubidge, and K. de Queiroz. 2014. Origin of the unique ventilatory apparatus of turtles. Nature Communications 5:5211.
ribs of potential stem turtle Eunotosaurus african
ribs of potential stem turtle Eunotosaurus africanus; costals of baenid turtle Eubaena hatcheri, ribs of Champsosauridae indet.; ribs of parareptiles (Pareiasaurus; Pumiliopareia pricei; Milleretta rubidgei); ribs of Hypsilophodontid dinosaur Thescelosaurus sp.; ribs of ceraptosian dinosaurs (Triceratops sp., Ceratopsidae indet.); ribs of hadrosaurid dinosaurs (Edmontosaurus sp.) [comparison also to several extant tetrapods including lizards, turtles, crocodylians, bird, and mammals]
Lyson, T. R., G. S. Bever, T. M. Scheyer, A. Y. Hsiang, and J. A. Gauthier. 2013. Evolutionary origin of the turtle shell. Current Biology 23:1113-1119.
Machado Bantim, R. A., R. C. Lima Pedroso de Andrade, J. Sobreira Ferreira, A. Á. Feitosa Saraiva, A. W. A. Kellner, and J. M. Sayão. 2021. Osteohistology and growth pattern of a large pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Romualdo Formation of the Araripe Basin, Northeastern Brazil. Cretaceous Research 118:104667.
Madsen Jr., J. H. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Bulletin of the Utah Geological and Mineral Survey 109:1-163.
1976
Allosaurus fragilis [(Fig. 24), see also Varrichio
Allosaurus fragilis [(Fig. 24), see also Varrichio, 1993], and Stegosaurus sp.
Mahboubi, S., H. Bocherens, M. Scheffler, M. Bennami, and J.-J. Jaeger. 2014. Was the Early Eocene proboscidean Numidotherium koholense semi-aquatic or terrestrial? Evidence from stable isotopes and bone histology. Comptes Rendus Palevol 13:501-509.